However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. 1) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Please note, the questionnaire did not specifically ask respondents whether or not they received information from a sweeper. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . They are providing food for the. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. Often causes fires. It has been relatively quiet since 2010 2010).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of finely comminuted . Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. None of the respondents had first noticed environmental cues as these were most visible from parts of Fljtshl, which was not included in the study region. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. . Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. 6). Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). 2). We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Often locals are also employed as tour guides. Scientists had already said many times that Eyjafjallajkull was a lazy crater with rather slow, small eruptions, not much coming out of the crater. volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. Key criteria. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. Published Apr 17, 2020. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. Long-term responses . This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. Created by. The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. Something went wrong thenbut our kids in Reykjavk, college students, they got an alarm. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. Risk Anal 32:601615. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. . [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. There is a glacier above the volcano. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. I found it necessary to ascend the 200-meter hight Mt. Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. Flashcards. The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book I would be anxious. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted.